The Энциклопедия Бури Науки, 3-ьего выпуска, Vol5, The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, 3d edition, Vol5(802s).pdf:

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The Энциклопедия Бури Науки, 3-ьего выпуска, Vol5

The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, 3d edition, Vol5(802s).pdf

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Date Jun 8, 2004

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Atmospheric temperature Atomic clock Atomic models Atomic number Atomic spectroscopy Atomic theory Atomic weight Atoms Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Auks Australia Autism Autoimmune disorders Automatic pilot Automation Automobile Autotroph Avogadro’s number Aye-ayes...

Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobotany Ethyl group Ethylene glycol Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid Etiology Eubacteria Eugenics Eukaryotae Europe Eutrophication Evaporation Evapotranspiration Even and odd Event horizon Evolution Evolution, convergent Evolution, divergent Evolution, evidence of Evolution, parallel Evolutionary change, rate of Evolutionary mechanisms Excavation methods Exclusion principle, Pauli Excretory system Exercise Exocrine glands Explosives Exponent Extinction Extrasolar planets Eye...

Glycolysis Goats Goatsuckers Gobies Goldenseal Gophers Gorillas Gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) Graft Grand unified theory Grapes Graphs and graphing Grasses Grasshoppers Grasslands Gravitational lens Gravity and gravitation Great Barrier Reef Greatest common factor Grebes Greenhouse effect Groundhog Groundwater Group Grouse Growth and decay Growth hormones Guenons Guillain-Barre syndrome Guinea fowl Guinea pigs and cavies Gulls Guppy Gutenberg discontinuity Gutta percha Gymnosperm Gynecology Gyroscope...

Natural gas Natural numbers Nautical archaeology NEAR-Earth Object Hazard Index Nectar Negative Neptune Nerve growth factor Nerve impulses and conduction of impulses Nervous system Neuromuscular diseases Neuron Neuroscience Neurosurgery Neurotransmitter Neutralization Neutrino Neutron Neutron activation analysis Neutron star New World monkeys Newton’s laws of motion Newts Niche Nicotine Night vision enhancement devices Nightshade Nitric acid Nitrification Nitrogen Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation Noise pollution Non-Euclidean geometry Non-point source Nonmetal North America Nova Novocain Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear medicine Nuclear power Nuclear reactor Nuclear weapons Nuclear winter...

Scanners, digital Scarlet fever Scavenger Schizophrenia Scientific method Scorpion flies Scorpionfish Screamers Screwpines Sculpins Sea anemones Sea cucumbers Sea horses Sea level Sea lily Sea lions Sea moths Sea spiders Sea squirts and salps Sea urchins Seals Seamounts Seasonal winds Seasons Secondary pollutants Secretary bird Sedges Sediment and sedimentation Sedimentary environment Sedimentary rock Seed ferns Seeds Segmented worms Seismograph Selection Sequences Sequencing Sequoia Servomechanisms Sesame Set theory SETI Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Sewage treatment Sewing machine Sex change Sextant
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Time Tinamous Tissue Tit family Titanium Toadfish Toads Tomato family Tongue worms Tonsillitis Topology Tornado Torque Torus Total solar irradiance Toucans Touch Towers of Hanoi Toxic shock syndrome Toxicology Trace elements Tragopans Trains and railroads Tranquilizers Transcendental numbers Transducer Transformer Transgenics Transistor Transitive Translations Transpiration Transplant, surgical Trapezoid Tree Tree shrews Trichinosis Triggerfish Triglycerides Trigonometry Tritium Trogons Trophic levels Tropic birds Tropical cyclone Tropical diseases Trout-perch True bugs
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• The author’s name appears at the end of longer entries. His or her affiliation can be found in the “Contributors” section at the front of each volume. • “See also” references appear at the end of entries to point readers to related entries. • Cross references placed throughout the encyclopedia direct readers to where information on subjects without their own entries can be found. • A comprehensive, two-level General Index guides readers to all topics, illustrations, tables, and persons mentioned in the book.
AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONIC FORMATS...

Lawrence Hammar, Ph.D. Senior Research Fellow Institute of Medical Research Papua, New Guinea William Haneberg, Ph.D. (Geology) Geologist Portland, Oregon Beth Hanson Editor The Amicus Journal Brooklyn, New York Clay Harris Associate Professor Department of Geography and Geology Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee Clinton W. Hatchett Director Science and Space Theater Pensacola Junior College Pensacola, Florida Catherine Hinga Haustein Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Central College Pella, Iowa Dean Allen Haycock Science Writer Salem, New York Paul A. Heckert Professor Department of Chemistry and Physics Western Carolina University Cullowhee, North Carolina Darrel B. Hoff Department of Physics Luther College Calmar, Iowa Dennis Holley Science Educator Shelton, Nebraska...

Steven MacKenzie Ecologist Spring Lake, Michigan J. R. Maddocks Consulting Scientist DeSoto, Texas Gail B. C. Marsella Technical Writer Allentown, Pennsylvania Karen Marshall Research Associate Council of State Governments and Centers for Environment and Safety Lexington, Kentucky Liz Marshall Science Writer Columbus, Ohio James Marti Research Scientist Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Elaine L. Martin Science Writer Pensacola, Florida Lilyan Mastrolla Professor Emeritus San Juan Unified School Sacramento, California Iain A. McIntyre Manager Electro-optic Department Energy Compression Research Corporation Vista, California Jennifer L. McGrath Chemistry Teacher Northwood High School Nappanee, Indiana Margaret Meyers, M.D. Physician, Medical Writer Fairhope, Alabama
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A male ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) on Pelee Island, Ontario. Photograph by Robert J. Huffman. Field Mark Publications. Reproduced by permission....

Phenyl group
A phenyl group is the functional group C6H5. It is the portion of an organic molecule that is derived from a benzene molecule, C6H6, by removal of a hydrogen atom. The term phenyl is used when a benzene ring is connected to a chain of six or more carbon atoms. If there are fewer than six carbon atoms in the chain, the compound is named as a substituted benzene. The phenyl group can be abbreviated in chemical structures as -Ph or sometimes as the Greek letter phi, - . Benzene is a cyclic compound containing six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. The molecular formula for benzene, C6H6, was determined soon after it was isolated by Michael Faraday in 1825 from the oily deposits removed from London’s gas pipes. Later in 1834, benzene was found by Mitscherlich to be the product obtained from various chemical reactions involving gum benzoin, a fragrant medicinal ointment. In the manuscript describing his experiments, Mitscherlich suggested the compound be called benzin. Liebig, who edited the paper, renamed the compound benzol based on the German word for oil, öl. English and French chemists eventually changed the -ol ending to -ene, resulting in the name benzene. The reasoning was that the -ol suffix indicates an alcohol group whereas the -ene is used for compounds that contain double bonds. The term pheno, based on the Greek word, phainein, meaning “to shine” was proposed by Auguste Laurent in 1837. This suggestion was never accepted, but it resulted in the term
G A L E ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3...

Arene—A compound that has a chain of carbon atoms connected to a benzene ring. Phenyl group—The name given to the portion of an organic molecule that is derived from a benzene ring by removal of a hydrogen atom (-C6H5) and is used when a benzene ring is connected to a chain of six or more carbon atoms....

Kirk-Othmer. “Ketones.” In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998. 3039...